The fact that = in the C-family of languages returns a value is just one instance of the lack of clear separation between
expressions (which should return a value but not affect program state) and commands (which alter program state but do not have a value).

Other instances are the possibility of ignoring function return values, i.e. using a function call as a complete program step and the ++ and — operators (both prefix and postfix!) which are useful abbreviations if used solely as commands but lead to many obscurities if used in expressions.

In Ada the separation is much clearer although not complete as function calls can directly affect program state by altering non-local variables and/or by performing I/O (and also through the use of access parameters)

As for the ’superiority’ of reading Y:=X instead of Y=X, let’s just say that this is highly debatable and I’ve never, ever been confused about it..

The other examples are correct though (except the structure assignment as was already remarked).

2) Problems with for loops

a) One more/one fewer repetition than intended, e.g. writing

for (int i=0; i= 0)
if (x > 0)
System.out.println(“Positive”);
else
System.out.println(“Negative”);

1) The fall-through in switch statements if break is omitted.

2) Problems with for loops

a) One more/one fewer repetition than intended, e.g. writing
for(int i=0; i< =10; i++)

when one intends

for(int i=0; i<10; i++)

or vice-versa

For example
int a[10];
for(int i=0; i<=10; i++)
a[i] =0;

This type of error is much less likely if one uses an explicit range

FOR I IN 0 .. 9 LOOP
A(I) := 0;
END LOOP;

or better

FOR I IN A'Range LOOP
A(I) := 0;
END LOOP;

b) Wrap-around in, for example in Java

for(byte i=0; i<128; i++) {
do_something()
}

3) The dangling else
For example in Java
if (x >= 0)
if (x > 0)
System.out.println(“Positive”);
else
System.out.println(“Negative”);

struct date today = (1, 12, 8);
It is not a legal C construct, it should be:
struct date today = {1, 12, 8};

And in C99, there is designated initializer.

struct date today = {
.day = 1,
.month = 12,
.year = 8
};

So it is not an advantage over C any more on this particular example.

float index(float height, weight) {

should be:

float index(float height, float weight) {